Type-writing machine.



W. C. FARNUM.

TYPE WRITING MACHINE.

4 SHEETS-SHEET 1.

Patented Nov. 17, 1908.

B. m M m D m y M o |H| m m T H M Nw m... A u .mw om IIN 3 E ,i H WN L Q fw -H 3 fr.

ffy/WWW@ e. 2h44/ l5 YTTIJFINEY W. G. FARNUM.

TYPE WRITING MACHINE.

APPLIUATION FILED MAR.21,1903.

904,055. Patented Nov. 17,1908.

4 SHEETS-SHEET 2.

7%. /M by am 5M 14E. ATTEIHNEY W. C. FARNUM.

TYPE WRITING MACHINE. APPLICATION FILED 111111.21, 1903.

904,055. Patented Nov. 1'?, 1908.

lll IIIIIIIH www/ym" FIG.

G7 lf) m INVENTUM?, MTNEEEEE: @pM/g, 31M

w @www by 9% n Wk )hay 1415 AT'TQPNEY W. o. FARNUM, TYPE WRITING MACHINE.

APPLIOATION FILED MAB.. 21, 1903.

904,055. Patented Nov. 17,1908.

4 SHEETS-SHEET 4.

as 5o FIG. 2O17 49 s@ a soy 57 40 sai 24 27 Y Z as l I g l e sa ao 24 l Z0 I il MTM-:55.55: l INVENTUR.

UNITED' sTATEs PATENT OFFIOE.

WILLIAM o. FARNUM, OF ARLINGTON, VERMONT, AssIGNoR To WYCKOFF, sEAMANs a BENEDICT, OF ILION, NEW YORK, A CORPORATION oF NEW YORK.

TYPE-WRITING MACHINE.

T o all-'whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, WILLIAM C. FARNUM, citizenof the United States, and resident of Arlington, in the county of Bennington and State of Vermont, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Type-Writing Machines, of which the following is a specification.

This invention relates to improvements in the carriage-feed mechanism of typewriting machines, Including visible-writing machines and understrike or .swinging-carriage machines, in which the carnage-feed mechanism comprises a rack and pinion that are or may be constantly engaged with each other, one object of the invention'being to render inion-controlling mechanism, embodying a ifeed wheel and feeddogs, operative by means of a release-key on the carriage, to release the feed-wheel from the control of the dogs, and another'object of the invention being to enable the carriage of an underystrike machine to be readily moved from right to left, unobstructed by the feedmechanism, when the platen is in an elevated position.

The invention consists of Various features of construction, combinations and arrangements of parts, all of which are hereinafter fully described and particularly delined in the appended claims.

-In the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals designate like parts in the different views, F igure 1 is a front to rear vertical section and Lelevation showing certainparts of a swinging-carriage typewriting machine embodying the invention; Fig. 2, a vertical section of the carriage, platen and certain other parts, the platen being shown in an elevated position; Fig. 3, a rear elevation of the frame, and sectional elevation of the feed-mechanism, of the machine; Fig. 4, a broken front elevation on an enlarged scale of parts shown in Fig. 2, with other parts ofthe feed-mechanism, the platen bein shown elevated; Fig. 5, a lan of parts.o the feed-mechanism and ragment of the top of the frame of the machine; and Fig. 6, a rear sectional elevation thereof.

The mechanism herein described and claimed in combination with a swingingpaper carriage is especially useful in connection with a printing-point indicator, which,

Specification of Letters Patent.

Application filed March 21, 1903. Serial No. 148,942.

. Patented Nov. 17, 1908.

inasmuch as it is a well-known device, is not shown inthe drawings of this application.

The invention is shown for convenience applied to a machine differing from the common N o. 6 Remington only with respect to the carriage-feed mechanism, but is applicable also to other understrike or swingingcarriage machines, while certain parts ofthe invention are applicable alike to swingingcarriage and visible-writing machines.

The machine to which the invention is shown applied, comprises theiframe 1 with Its .topf 2, the fulcrum-bar 3, the keys 4, the key-levers 5 each connected by a link 6 with a type-bar 7, the Swingin carriage 8 with the platen 9 carried there y, the universalbar 10,- the rock-shaft 1l, thelinks 12 and transverse bar 13 and arm 14 connecting the universal bar with the rock-shaft, and the spring 15 acting on the rock-shaft, which will all be recognized as parts of a No. 6 Remington machine, and consequently a detailed description of these parts and their operations is unnecessary.

The carriage-feed mechanism acts on the rear part 16 of the carriage through the rack 17 and pinion 18. The rack is boltedto the rear part 16 of the carriage, it being movable with the carriage and in engagement with the pinion 18. The pinion is fast on a shaft 19 having bearings at its ends in a bracket 20 on the top 2 of the frame. This bracket is fastened to the frame by screws 21 and 22 extending through parts of the bracket into threaded holes in the top 2. A feed-wheel 23 is also fast on the shaft 19. In bearings in this bracket is mounted another shaft 24, hereinafter termed a dog-shaft, there being on it two feed-dogs 25 and 26.` The dog 25 is fixed on the dog-shaft by means of a screw 27 (shown in Fig. 5) extending through the dog to the shaft, while the dog 26 is loose ou the dog-shaft, but is secured to the other dog by a lost-motion connection formed by the recess 28 in the upper end of the dog 26, and the pin 29 fixed in the dog 25 and extending through this recess. Hence each dog is mov-` ablc'on its axis in one direction under certain conditions without imparting movement to theother. A spring 30 (Fig. 5), attached at one end to the dog 26, and at the other to the dog 25, tends to keep the dogs in the relative positions in which they are shown in .23, and the dog 26 is outside of the path of Fig. 5, the pin 29 then being in contact with that end of the recess 28 which is between the pin and the feed-wheel. p

On the lower end of the dog 26 is a proj ection or stud 31, which extends behind a horizontal lever 32, whose fulcrum is a pin 33 fixed in the bracket 20 -and top 2 of the frame. A steel-plate 34 is aiiixed to this lever and in this plate is an open slot 35, somewhat resembling in form a key-hole slot open at its smaller end, as appears by dotted lines in Fig. 5. The stud 31 extends through the rear or narrow part of this slot, in which it ts loosely, so when the lever is rocked to and fro on its fulcrum 33, the edges ofthe slot 35, act on the stud 31 and impart motion to the dog 26 .towards and from thefeed-wheel 23. A restoring spring'36, which pulls on the lever, is attached to a pin 37 on the lever and to a pin 38 fixed in the bracket 20. The rocking movement of the lever islimited by a stop composed of a base 39, and arms 40, the sto belng fastened to the top 2 of the frame y a screw 41 passing through the base 39 into a threaded hole in the top 2. When the lever is in the position shown in Fig. 5, which is its normal position, it makes contact with the front arm 40 of the stop, and it is-movable from'that position into contact with the rear arm 40 of the stop. An arm 42, by which the lever is moved from its normal osition, is fixed on the rockshaft 11. Tlhis arm has at its upper end a lateral extension 43, bearing against the back of the lever 32.

The machine is .provided with a common spring-drum 44 and exible band 45, to move the carriage under the control of the feed-mechanism described.

. The feed-dog 25 engages the feed-whee the teeth of that wheel, when the dogs are in' their normal positions, or those shown in Figs. 3 and 6. Then, that end of the recess 28 in the dog 26, which is between the pin 29 and the feed-wheel, is in contact with the pinv 29, and the lever 32 is in the position 'shown in Fig. 5. With' the depression of a character-key or the space-bar, `the rockshaft 11 is turned and the lever 32 is actuated by the arm 42 on the rock-shaft 11, whereupon the do 26 is advanced by the action of the slotted plate 34 on the stud 31 into the plath of the teeth of the feed-wheel 23, and t e dog 25 is forced out of engagement with the feedwheel by the action of thedog 26 on the in 29. rlhe feed-wheel.4 as soon as it is re eased from the dog 25,. turns a very little in consequence of the ac tion of theqspringfdrum 'on the carriage, but is insttly arrested bythe dog 26. With lthe return-movement of the character key or space-bar, the lever 32 is restored to its normal position by the spring 36, andthe do 26 is thereupon disengaged from the fee spring 30 to the feed-wheel, with which it makes contact on the outer end of a tooth,

and the feed-wheel turns, .driven by the carriage, until the next tooth is engaged by the vdog 25, which is advanced further by the spring 3() when the former tooth ceases to obstruct its movement. Hence with each return movement of a character-key or the space-bar, the carriage travels a single letter-A space.

The dog-shaft 24 is provided at its front end with a crank-arm 46, which is fast on the shaft and on which lis a crank-pin. 47. A stop-pin 48, iixed in the bracket 20 and projecting over the crank-arm 46, limits the upward movement of the crank-arm. Under the crank-.pin 47 extends a bent lever, which is composed of the portions 49, 50 and 51, and with which the crank-pin is held in contact by the action of the spring 30 on thel yportion 51 lthe lever is bent as shown at 52 and is there supported and engaged by a movable bar, which is secured underneath the front end of the lever and by means of which the lever is actuated. This actuating device or bar is preferably mounted on the carriage, as appears by Fig. 4, which shows the bar in its preferred form. The bar shown is composed of a rod 53 bent near its ends to form on it xed arms 54, on which are inturned projections 55 and 56, parallel to the main ortion of the bar and 1n axial alinement'with each other. rlhe bar is attached to brackets 57 by means of these projections, on which, as -pivots,.the bar is movable up and down with a swinging motion. The brackets 57 are fastened to the ends of the carriage, and on them are formed stops 58 that extend under the bar to limit its downward movement. An actuating fingerpiece 59 is aiiixed to the pivot 55 of the bar. When this bar is inits normal osition it rests on the stops 58, and the feeddog 25 is then in engagement or' in contact with the feed-wheel 23, unless the dog is held out of contact with the feed-wheel by the action on it of the arm 42 through the lever. 32, dog 26 and pin 29 as above described. rlhe common release-key 60, pivoted at 61 on the swinging portion of the carriage, extends under and close to the main portion 53 of this bar, when the platen is in a normal position, as it is shown in Fig. 1, and the bar 1s' `then operative by means of the, releasekey, but when the platen is in an elevated position, the release-key is at too great a distance from the bar, as appears by Fig. 2, to allow the bar to be operated by this means. g

. The carriage is released from the control of the carriage-feed'mechanism, when the platenis elevated, with a backward movement of the lin' er-piece 59, so that the carriage 'may then e readily moved from right `to left, as Well as from left to right, to brmg shaft 24 is turned, and the feed-dog 25 is disengaged from the feed wheel. Mean- While, the feed-dog 426 remains disengaged from the feed-wheel, .for the pin 29 on the dog travels in the recess 28 without acting on the dog 26, the spring 30 yieldingas the dog 25 moves backward, and the dog. 26

lbein held still by the lever 32. Hence until the og 25 is allowed to return to its normal position to rengage the feed-wheel, through the action on this dog of the spring 30, theA carriage is free from the control of the feed- I mechanism and movable eitherl way with the hand. It isthus movable from left to right, when the dog 26 is in its normal position, although the dog 25 is in contact with the feed-wheel, for the action of the dog 25 on the 4feed-wheel, like that of a pawl on a ratchet-wheel, is only capable of controlling the feed-wheel when it tends to move in one direction. l

When the platen is in a normal position the carriage may be-released from the control of 1the feed-mechanism with a depression of the front end of the release-key 60, which is then operative to turn the rod 53, as it is turned withv a backward movement of the finger-piece 59, and to disengage the feeddog 25 from the feed-wheel.

he operative relation of the rod 53 to the lever von which it acts to diseriigage theV dog 25 from the feed-wheel, is una ected by the movements of the carriage, whether the platen is elevated or ina normal position, as the rod, although it travels with the carriage, continues to support the front end of the lever, and to be operative either with the finger-piece 59 or the release-key 60, to actuate the lever.

' WVhen the invention is embodied in a visible-writing machine, obviously the fingerpiece 59 is not needed, for the release-key 60 1s then constantly engaged with the rod 53,v

.and with a movement of this key the carriage'may be released from the control of the feed-dogs, just as a Swingin -carriage is released when it is in a norma osition. The feed-mechanism above descri ed, with the exception of the finger-piece`59, is applicable, then, to both -visible-writing and understrike machines. If desired, a visible-writing machine may be provided with the 1in rpiece 59'also. y It is to be observed furt er that the swinging-carriage shown is also a shift-carriage, and that the release-key 60 remains in operative connection with the rod 53 Whenever the platen is shifted to or from its upper-case position. As this feature of the invention is useful only in connection What I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is

1v. In a typewriting machine, thecombination of a paper-carriage, a feed-rack on the carriage, a plnion coperative with the feedrack, a feed-wheel, a dog-shaft and feeddogs mounted thereon to engage the feedwheel, the axis of the dog-shaft bein parallel to that of thefeed-wheel and t e dogshaft b eing movable on its axis to release the feed-wheel from 'the control of the dogs, a release-key on the carriage, and mechanism to impart motion to the dog-shaft from the release-key.

2. -In a typewriting machine, the combination of a paper-carnage, a feed-rack on the carriage, a pinion cooperative with the feed-rack, a feed-wheel, a dog-shaft and feed-dogs mounted thereon to engage the feed-wheel, the axis of the dog-shaft beingv parallel to that of the feed-Wheel and the dog-shaft having on it a crank-arm and being movable on its axis to release the feedwheelV from the control of the dogs, a releasekey on the carriage, and mechanism, includl ing a bar operative by the release-key, to impart motion to said crank-arm from the release-key. v

3. In a typewriting machine, the combination of a paper-carnage, a feed-rack on the carriage, a pinlon coperative with the feedrack, a feed-wheel, a dog-shaft and feeddogs mounted thereon to engage the feedwheel, the dog-shaft having on it a crank and being movable on its axis to release the feed-wheel from the control of the dogs, a

lever to act on the crank-pin of said crank,

a release-keV on the carriage, and a bar, operative by the release-key, to impart motion to said lever from the release-key.

4. In a typewriting machine, the combination of apaper carriage, la feed-rack on the carriage, a pinion copcratlve with the feedrack, a feed-Wheel, a dog-shaft and feedthe feeddogs mounted thereon to enga; l

lng para wheel, the axis of the dog shaft lel to that of the feed-wheel and the dogshaft being movable on its axis to release the feed-wheel from the control of the dogs, a release-key on the carriage, and mechanism, including a bar mounted on the carriage and operative by the release-key, to impart motion to the dog-shaft from the release-key.

5. in a typewriting machine, the combination of a paper-carriage, a feed-rack on the carriage, a pinion ceperative with the feedrack, a feed-wheel, a dog-shaft, feed-dogs on the dog-shaft to engage the feed-wheel, one of these dogsbeing fast and the other'loose on the dog-shaft, and they being secured together with a lost-motion connection, mechanism to actuate one of the feed-dogs, and other mechanism, including a release-key on the carriage, to turn the dog-shaft and thev other feed-dog with a movement of the release-key.

6. ln a typewriting machine, carriage-feed mechanism comprising the combination of a feed-Wheel, a dog-shaft, feed-dogs on the dog-shaft to engage the feed-wheel, oneY of these dogs being fast and the other loose on the dog-shaft and the loose dog having on it a projection, and the dogs being secured together with a lost-motion connection, a lever engaging said projection to actuate the loose feed-dog, mechanism to actuate said lever, and other mechanism, including a releasekey on the carriage, to turn the dog-shaft and the other feed-dog with a movement of the release-key.

7. ln a typewriting machine, carriage-feed mechanism comprising the combination of a feed-wheel, a dog-shaft, feed-dogs on the dog-shaft to engage the feed-wheel, one of these dogs being fast and the other loose on the dog-shaft and the loose dog having on it a projection, and the dogs being secured together with a lost-motion connection, a lever engaging said projection to actuate the loose feed-dog, an arm fixed on a rock-shaft and movable thereby to actuatc said lever, and other mechanism, including a releasekey on the carriage, to turn the dog-shaft and the other feed-dog' with a movement of the release-key.

8. In a typewritng machine, carriage-feed mechanism comprising the combination of a feed-wheel, a dog-shaft, feed-dogs on the dog-shaft to engage the feed-wheel, one of these dogs being fast and the other loose on the dog-shaft and the loose dog having onit a projection, and the dogs being secured together with a lost-motion connection, a lever including a slotted device engaging said projection to actuate the loose feed-dog,` mechanism to actuate said lever, and other. mechanism, including a release-key on the carriage, to turn the dog-shaft and the other feed-dog with a movement of the releasekey.

9. In a typewriting machine, carriage-feed j soeces mechanism com rising the combination of a :feed-wheel, fee -dogs to engage the feedwheel, the dogs being movable separately and together towards and from the axis of the feed-wheel and being secured together ywith a lost-motion connection, mechanism to actuate one of the feed-dogs, and other mechanism including a release-key on the carriage, to actuate the other feed-dog with a movement of the release-key.

l0. ln a typewriting machine, carriagefeed mechanism comprising the combination of a feed-wheel, feed-dogs to engage the iced-wheel, the dogs being movable separately and `together towards and from the axis of the feed-wheel and being secured together with a lost-motion' connection and one of said dogs having on it a projection, a dog-actuating lever engaging said projection, mechanism to actuate said lever, and other mechanism, including a release-key on the carriage, to turn the dog-shaft and the other feed-dog with a movement of the release-key.

ll. ln a typewriting machine, carriagefeed mechanism comprising the combination of a feed-wheel, feed-dogs to engage the feed-wheel, the dogs being movable separately and together towards and from the axis of the feed-wheel and being secured together with a lost-motion connection, a lever to actuate one of said feed-dogs, a stop to limit the movements of said lever, mechanism to actuate said lever, and other mechanism, including a release-key on the carriage, to turn the dog-shaft and the other feed-dog with a movement of the release-key..

12. In a typewriting machine, carriagefeed mechanism comprising the combination of a feed-wheel, feed-dogs to engage the feed-wheel, the dogs being movable separately and together towards and from' the axis of the feed-wheel and being secured together with a lost-motion connection, a lever to actuate one of said feed-dogs, a stopV to limit the movements of said lever, an arm fixed on a rock-shaft and movable thereby to actuate said lever, and mechanism, including a release-key7 on the carriage, to turn the dog-shaft and the other feed-dog with a movement of the release-key.

13. ln a typewriting machine, carriagefeed mechanism comprising the combination of a feed-wheel, feed-dogs to engage the feed-wheel, lthe dogs being movable separately and together towards and from the axis of the feed-wheel and being secured together witha lost-motion `connection and one of said dogs having on itf'ga projection, a dog-actuating lever including a slotted device engaging said projection, mechanism to actuate said lever, and other mechanism, ncluding a release-key o n the carriafre, to turn the dog-shaft andthe other feedog with a movement of thel release-key.

acepta- 14. Ina typewriting machine, the combinatlon of a swinging paper-carriage, carnage-feed mechanism comprising a rack with a coperative pinion and feed-'devices to control the movements of the pinion, a release-key on the carriage, a bar having arms fixed thereon and pivotally secured to supports, and mechanism operative by means of saidv bar when the platen is in an elevated position, to free ythe pinion from the control of the feed-devices, said releasekey being movable into operative relation with said bar when the carriage is swung to a. normal position.

15. In a typewriting machine, the combination of a swinging paper-carriage, carriage-feed mechamsm comprising a rack with a coperative pinion and feed-devices to 'control the movements of the pinion, a release-key -on the carriage, an actuating device mounted on the carriage, and mechanism operative by means of said actuatin device when the platen is in an elevated position, to free the pinion from the control of the feeddevices, said actuating device being operative by means of said release-key when the platen is in a normal position.

1.6. In a typewriting machine, the combination of a swinging paper-carriage, carriagefeed mechanism comprising a rack with a coperative pinion and feed-devices to control the movements of the pinion, ay release-key on the carriage, a bar mounted on the carriage and movable with a swinging motion, and mechanism operative by means of said bar when the platen is in an elevated position, to free the pinion from the control of the feed-devices, said releasekey being movable into operative relation with said bar when the carriage is swung to a normal position. y

17. In a typewriting machine, the combination of a swinging paper-carriage, carriage-feed mechanism comprising a rack with a coperative pinion and feed-devices to control the movements of the pinion, a release-key on the carriage, a bar having arms fixed thereon and pivotally secured to supports on and at the ends of the carriage, and mechanism operative by means of said bar when the platen is inan elevated position, to free the pinion from the control of the feed-devices, said release-key being movable into operative relation with said bar when the carriage is swung to a normal position.

18. In a typewriting machine, the combination of a swinging paper-carriage, a feedrack with a coperative pinion, a feed-wheel and feed-dogs to engage therewith to controlthe movements of the pinion, a releasekey on the carriage, a movable bar, and mechanism operative by means of the bar whenthe platen is in an elevated position, to release the feed-wheel from the control of the dogs, said release-key being movable into operative relation with said bar when the carrlage 1s swung to a normal position.

In a typewriting machine, the combinationof a swinging paper-carriage, a feedrack with a coperative pinion, a feed-wheel, feed-dogs to engage the wheel, a dog-shaft, and mechanism operative by hand to turn the dog-shaft when the platen is in an elevated position, to release the feed-wheel from the controlof the dogs.

20. In a typewriting machine, the combination of a swinging paper-carriage, a feedrack with a coperative pinion, a feed-wheel, feed-dogs to engage the wheel, a dog-shaft provided with a crank-arm, and mechanism to actuate the crank-arm when the platen is in an elevated position, to release the feedwheel from the control of the dogs.

21. In a typewriting machine, the combination of a swinging-paper-carriage, a feedrack with a coperative pinion, a feed-wheel, a dog-shaft, feed-dogs to engage'the feedwheel, one dog being fast and the other loose on the shaft, and they being lsecured together by a lost-motion connection, and mechanism operated by hand to turn the dog-shaft when the platen is in an elevated position, to release the feed-wheel from the control of the dogs.

2Q. In a typewriting machine, the combination of a swinging paper-carriage, a feedrack with a coperative pinion, a feed-wheel, feed-dogs to engage the wheel, a dog-shaft mounted in fixed bearings, the axis 0f the dog-shaft being parallel to that of the feed wheel, and mechanism comprising a device mounted on the carriage and movable by hand to turn the dog-shaft when the platen is in an elevated position, to release the feedwheel from the control of the dogs. l

23. In a typewriting machine, the combivnation of a swinging paper-carriage, a feedrack with a coperative pinion, a feed-wheel, feed-dogs to engage the wheel, a. dog-shaft provided with a crank-arm, and mechanism comprising a bar mounted on the carriage and movable to actuate the crank-arm when the platen is in an .elevated position, to release the feed-wheel from the control of the, dogs.

24:. In a typewriting machine, the combination of a swinging paper-carriage, a feedrack with a coperative pinion, a feed-wheel,

a dog-shaft, feed-dogs to engage the feedwheel, one dog being fast and the other loose on the shaft, and they being secured together by a lost-motion connection, and mechanism comprising a bar mounted on the carriage and movable to turn the dog-shaft when the platen is in an elevated position, to release the feed-wheel from the control of the do s.

25. In a typewriting machine, the com ination of a swinging paper-carriage, a feedrack with a coperative pinion, a feed-wheel, feed-dogs to engage the wheel, a dog-shaft feed-dogs to engage the wheel, a dog-shaft provided with a crank-arm, a lever to actuposition, to release the feed-wheel from the` control of the dogs.

26. In a typewrlting machine, the combination of a swinging papercarriage, a feed' rack with a coperative pmion, a feed-wheel,

ate the crank-arm, and a device mounted on the carriage and movable to actuate the lever when the platen is in an elevated position, to release the feed-wheel from the control of the dogs.

27. In a typewriting machine, the combi-i nation of a swinging paper-carriage, a feedrack with a coperative pinion, a feed-wheel, feed-dogs to engage the wheel, a dog-shaft provided with a crank-arm, a lever to actuate the crank-arm, and a bar. enga ed with the lever in a relation that is una ected by themovements of the carria e, said bar being movable to actuate the ever when the platen is in an elevated position, to release the feed-wheel from the control of the dogs.

28. In a typewriting machine, the combination of a swinging paper-carriage, a feedrack with a coperative pinion, a feed- Wheel,

feed-dogs to engage the wheel, a dog-shaft.

actuate the lever when the platen is in an A elevated position, to release the feed-wheel from the control of the dogs.

29. In a typewriting machine, the combination of a paper carriage, a feed rack on the carriage, a pinion cooperating Vwith the feed rack, a feedl wheel and feed dogs t0 engage therewith to control the movements of the pinion, a dog shaft on which one of said feed dogs is fast, a release key lon-the carriage, a bar movable by the release key, and a device operative by said bar to turn the dog shaft.

Signed at the borough of Manhattan, city of New York, in the county of New York, and State of New York, this 20th day of March, A. D. 1903.

WILLIAM oQrARNUM. 

